Piles and fissure
1. Definition Piles (Hemorrhoids): Abnormal dilatation and engorgement of the veins in the anal canal, usually involving the internal hemorrhoidal plexus or external hemorrhoidal plexus. Anal Fissure: A linear tear or ulcer in the anal mucosa, usually in the posterior midline of the anal canal. 2. Causes / Etiology Factor Piles (Hemorrhoids) Anal Fissure Mechanical stress Chronic constipation/straining during defecation Hard stool passage causing mucosal tear Venous pressure Increased intra-abdominal pressure (pregnancy, obesity, lifting heavy weights) Vascular changes Weakening of venous walls or supportive connective tissue Other factors Sedentary lifestyle, low fiber diet, liver disease causing portal hypertension Chronic diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, anal trauma 3. Pathology / Pathophysiology Aspect Piles Anal Fissure Primary lesion Dilated, tortuous veins in anal canal Tear or ulcer of anal mucosa Location Internal: above dentate line; External: below dentate li...