Piles and fissure
1. Definition Piles (Hemorrhoids): Abnormal dilatation and engorgement of the veins in the anal canal, usually involving the internal hemorrhoidal plexus or external hemorrhoidal plexus. Anal Fissure: A linear tear or ulcer in the anal mucosa, usually in the posterior midline of the anal canal. 2. Causes / Etiology Factor	Piles (Hemorrhoids)	Anal Fissure Mechanical stress	Chronic constipation/straining during defecation	Hard stool passage causing mucosal tear Venous pressure	Increased intra-abdominal pressure (pregnancy, obesity, lifting heavy weights)  Vascular changes	Weakening of venous walls or supportive connective tissue  Other factors	Sedentary lifestyle, low fiber diet, liver disease causing portal hypertension	Chronic diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, anal trauma 3. Pathology / Pathophysiology Aspect	Piles	Anal Fissure Primary lesion	Dilated, tortuous veins in anal canal	Tear or ulcer of anal mucosa Location	Internal: above dentate line; External: below dentate li...